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A CD image is the exact representation of the data on a CD in anormal computer file, that can e.g. be transmitted over theInternet. CD burning programs can use the image files to make realCDs.

For a correctly written CD, the .iso file must not appearon the CD when you access it! Instead, you should see a number offiles and directories - in the case of a Debian CD, this includes adists directory and a README.html file.

The .iso format is roughly comparable to a .zipfile: It contains other files and directories, and only these willappear on the final CD. Some archive programs allow you to unpack.iso files. Do not use this feature to create a CD from theunpacked files! The resulting CD will fail to boot because the.iso format includes special information related to bootingfrom the CD, which is lost when you unpack the file. See below on howto correctly write a CD image under Linux,Windows or Mac OS.

If you cannot find an answer to your question here, you can ask forhelp on one of the Debian mailing lists.In all cases, you should searchthe mailing list archives before sending mail to the lists.You can subscribeto and unsubscribefrom the lists. However, you do not need to be subscribed in orderto send mail to the lists - if you are not subscribed, ask forreplies to be CC'd to you.

Mailing lists relevant to problems with CD installation:

• debian-cd: Discussion about the CD image creation process, available CD mirrors, problems when booting from CD, announcements of new official images.
• debian-boot: A bit of a misnomer, this list actually covers the installation process; any problems encountered after successfully booting from CD may be more appropriate here than in debian-cd.
• debian-live: A list for the Debian Live project, focused on development of the software that is used to build Debian Live images, but also appropriate for discussion particular to using those images.
• debian-user: General support list for users of Debian. Focus is more on problems encountered after a successful installation, when using the system. There are also several lists for non-English speakers, in Català, Chinese, Dansk, Esperanto, Français, Deutsch, Magyar, Indonesian, Italiano, 日本語 (Nihongo), Polski, Português, Русский (Russkij), Español, Svenska, Türkçe, and Ukrainian.

Today, there are nearly 300 Debianmirrors (which contain the complete Debian distribution as .deb files),but far fewer machines serving Debian CD images.As a result, the CD image servers are constantly overloaded.

Additionally, nobody is very enthusiastic about setting up moreCD servers because of the tremendous amounts of wasted bandwidth(some people keep restarting failed downloads instead ofresuming from the point where the connection was closed)and because a regular mirror is more attractive (it allowscontinuous upgrades of Debian, or using the testing/unstabledistribution instead of the stable one).

jigdo tries to makethe most out of this situation, by downloading the data for the CDimages from one of the 300 mirrors. However, these mirrors onlyhold individual .deb files, not the CD image, so some additionalmanipulation of the data is necessary to produce one big CD imagefile from the many small .deb files.

Do not be afraid to try out jigdo!The complex process of generating the CD image is completelyhidden from you - instead, you benefit from the fact that one ofthe 300 Debian mirrors is bound to be nearer and faster than anyof the CD servers.

No. First, of course you only need to download CD or DVDor BD images - the three types of images contain the samepackages.

Also, you only need the CD/DVD/BD images for your computer'sarchitecture. The architecture is the type of hardware your computeruses. By far the most popular one is the Intel/AMD architecture, somost people will only want to get the images for i386. If yourPC has a 64-bit AMD or Intel processor, you will most likely need theamd64 images (thoughi386 is also fine), the ia64 images will notwork.

Furthermore, in most cases it is not necessary to download all ofthe images for your architecture. The packages are sorted bypopularity: The first CD/DVD/BD contains the installation system andthe most popular packages. The second one contains slightly lesspopular ones, the third one even less popular ones, etc. You willprobably only need the first couple of DVDs (or the first few CDs)unless you have very special requirements. (And in case you happen toneed a package later on which is not on one of the CDs/DVDs/BDs youdownloaded, you can always install that package directly from theInternet.)

Please also read the next paragraphs to determine whether youwant/need to download network install CDs, update CDs or sourceCDs.

To quote the network install page: Anetwork install or netinst CD is a single CD which enables you toinstall the entire operating system. This single CD contains just theminimal amount of software to start the installation and fetch theremaining packages over the Internet.

If you only want to install Debian on a single machine which has afast Internet connection, the network install may be the fastest andeasiest option for you: You only download the packages that youselected for installation on your machine, which saves both time andbandwidth.

Update CDs/DVDs are CDs/DVDs which contain all the packages thatchanged between a major release version (e.g. 7.0,8.0, etc.) and a later point release of that stabledistribution. For example, if you already have the full set ofdebian-8.0.0 CDs/DVDs, you can add thedebian-update-8.2.0 disc set to turn this debian-8.0.0set into a debian-8.2.0 set.

This type of CD/DVD is intended for vendors having large amounts ofpressed versions of CDs/DVDs (which makes them cheaper thanindividually burned CDs/DVDs). If you order CDs/DVDs from such avendor, it is possible that you'll receive CDs/DVDs for a slightlyolder point release, plus some update CDs/DVDs for the latestrevision. This is a perfectly acceptable way of distributing Debian onCD/DVD.

Of course, this type of CD/DVD can also be useful to you as an end user;instead of creating the full set of CDs/DVDs for each new revision of arelease, you only need to download and burn update CDs/DVDs foryour architecture.

Note that update CDs/DVDs are not meant to boot, they just contain thepackages needed to upgrade an existing installation. If you don't havethat existing installation, then you'll need to use the normalinstallation CDs/DVDs. After the new system is booted, the updated CD/DVD can be added withapt-cdrom add.

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Now, what if for some reason you do not want to download the updateCD/DVD even though you already have the full set of CDs/DVDs/BDs forthe previous revision? In this case, you should consider using jigdo's update feature: jigdo can readthe contents of the old CDs/DVDs/BDs, download only those files thathave changed for the new CDs/DVDs, and create the full set of newCDs/DVDs/BDs. Still, it will have done this by downloading only aboutthe same amount of data as for an update CD/DVD.

There are two types of images, the binary CDs that containprecompiled, ready-to-run programs, and the source CDs thatcontain the source code for the programs. The vast majority ofpeople do not need the source CDs; you should not download themunless you really have a good reason for it.

Debian has a quite strict view with regard to the licenses ofsoftware: Only software that is Free in the sense of theDebian Free SoftwareGuidelines is allowed into the actual distribution. All the other,non-free software (for example, software for which source code is notavailable) is not supported officially.

The official CDs may freely be used, copied and sold by anyone anywherein the world. Packages of the non-free category have restrictions thatconflict with this, so these packages are not placed on the officialCDs.

Sometimes, someone is kind enough to create unofficial non-freeCDs. If you cannot find any links on this website, you can tryasking on the debian-cd mailing list.

Yes - Debian offers DVD images for the current stablerelease. Additionally, as far as we know, Debian is the only Linuxdistribution tooffer weekly full-size DVD images for download! Because of their size, theseimages are distributed withjigdo.

Official images are built by a member of the Debian CD team andhave undergone some testing to ensure they work. Once they have beenreleased, the images never change - if they turn out to be broken, anew set with a different version number is released.

Unofficial images can be built by anyone - CD team members, otherDebian developers or even advanced Debian users. Typically, they aremore up-to-date, but have received less testing. Some have newfeatures (e.g. installation support for new hardware), or containadditional software packages which are not part of the Debian archive.

Yes. A so-called live CD, or more precisely, a livesystem, is a complete system prepared for a DVD, USB key or othermedium. You do not need to install anything on the hard drive.Instead you boot from the medium (DVD or USB key) and are able tostart working on the machine right away. All programs run directlyfrom the medium.

The Debian Live Project produceslive image files for a variety of system types andmedia.

Only the first CD/DVD/BD in a set is bootable.

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If your Debian disc fails to boot, first ensure that you havecorrectly written it to the medium - please see theexplanation above. Additionally, please check whether your BIOS isset up to boot from your optical drive.

If your system cannot boot from CD/DVD/BD at all, it is alsopossible to boot from aUSB stick or from the network.

Depending on the state of support for a certain architecture,CD/DVD images are available from different places:

• If the architecture you are looking for is officially supported by the current stable release, see the Debian on CD page for the available download options.
• If a Debian port for an architecture exists, but has not yet been released officially, CD images may or may not be available. Again, see the Debian on CD page - in contrast to stable images, only one download option may be supported, so have a look at both the jigdo and HTTP sections.
• For the Debian port to the GNU/Hurd, see the page about unofficial Hurd CDs.
• Otherwise, check the Debian port pages for the architecture you are interested in.

There are no unstable full CD/DVD/BD images. Due to the factthat the packages in unstable change so quickly, it is moreappropriate for people to download and install unstable using anormal Debian HTTP mirror.

If you are aware of the risks ofrunning unstable, but still want to install it, you have a fewchoices:

• Install testing using a netinst image, then upgrade to unstable by changing the entries in your /etc/apt/sources.list. To avoid unnecessary downloads and package upgrades, it is advisable to install a minimal testing system first and only to install most of the software (e.g. desktop environment) after the switch to unstable.
• Use the stable installer to install a minimal stable system and then change your /etc/apt/sources.list file to use testing and do an apt-get update and apt-get dist-upgrade. Finally, install the packages you desire. This method is the most likely to work of those presented here.
• Be a tester of the testing installer and install testing using a netinst image, then upgrade to unstable by changing the entries in your /etc/apt/sources.list. To avoid unnecessary downloads and package upgrades, it is advisable to install a minimal testing system first and only to install most of the software (e.g. desktop environment) after the switch to unstable. Then apt-get update and apt-get -u dist-upgrade - then you have a sid release.
• Use a netboot mini.iso image. You will find it on any of the Debian mirrors under debian/dists/unstable/main/installer-*/current/images/netboot/mini.iso. During the installation choose Advanced options ->Expert install. In the step Choose a mirror of the Debian archive choose version sid - unstable.

To find out which image contains a certain file, use the cdimage search tool. Ithas knowledge of just about all the Debian CDs/DVDs/BDs produced byDebian since the Woody release, covering all the official releases(both older archived releases and the current stable release) and thecurrent sets of daily and weekly testing builds.

Yes.Look on cdimage.debian.org forthe corresponding .list.gz file - it will list all thepackages and source files included in the image.For Debian Live images, you can find in the same directory as theimage files some similarly named files suffixed with .packages.Download these and then search them for the desired package name.

We only make official releases of the stable distributionwhen we think they truly deserve that name. Unfortunately, this meansthat stable releases only happen about every 2 years...

If you require more recent versions of some of the software inDebian, you can install stable and then upgrade (via the net)those parts you want to the versions from testing - it ispossible to mix software from the different releases.

Alternatively, try out the images of testing that aregenerated automatically every week. More information about testing security supportis available from the security FAQ.

If you only need newer versions of specific packages, you can alsotry the backports service, which takes packages from testingand modifies them to work on stable. This option may be safer thaninstalling the same package directly from testing.

The note at the bottom of the Debian on CD pagealways shows the version number of the latestrelease.

Detailed information on how to authenticate the signed checksumfiles containing the checksums of the ISO image files is available onthe authenticity verification page. Aftercryptographically verifying the checksum files, we can check that:

• Checksums of the downloaded ISO image files match those found in the checksum files. Computing the checksum of the ISO image files is performed by tools such as sha512sum and sha256sum.
• Checksums of already written optical media match those found in the checksum files. This is a slightly more difficult operation to describe.

The problem with the verification of written optical media is thatsome media types will possibly return more bytes than those found inthe ISO image. This trailing garbage is impossible to avoid with CDwritten in TAO mode, incrementally recorded DVD-R[W], formattedDVD-RW, DVD+RW, BD-RE, and also with USB keys. Therefore, we need toread exactly the same number of sectors of data from the media as arefound in the ISO image itself; reading any more bytes from the mediawill alter the checksum result.

• The isosize program can be used to find out the appropriate amount of bytes to be read from the optical media. It shows the sector count and the sector size from the optical media, where <device> is the device file of the loaded optical media.
  $ /sbin/isosize -x <device>
  sector count: 25600, sector size: 2048
• Then sector count and sector size are passed to dd to read the appropriate amount of bytes from the optical media and the byte stream is then piped to the appropriate checksum tool (sha512sum, sha256sum, etc).
  $ dd if=<device> count=<sector count> bs=<sector size> | sha512sum
• The computed checksum is to be compared against the corresponding checksum found in the appropriate checksum file (SHA512SUMS, SHA256SUMS, etc).

Alternatively, there is a useful helper script called check_debian_iso which can verify ISO image files andoptical media, reading the appropriate amount of bytes frommedia then computing the checksum and comparing it against thechecksum file.

• ISO image file verification. This will compare the checksum of the debian-6.0.3-amd64-netinst.iso image file against the corresponding checksum found in the SHA512SUMS checksum file.
  $ ./check_debian_iso SHA512SUMS debian-6.0.3-amd64-netinst.iso
• Optical media verification. This will compare the checksum of the media accessible as /dev/dvd against the checksum of debian-6.0.3-amd64-DVD-1.iso as found in the SHA512SUMS checksum file. Note that the ISO image file itself is not needed, its name is merely used to locate the corresponding checksum in the checksum file.
  $ ./check_debian_iso SHA512SUMS debian-6.0.3-amd64-DVD-1.iso /dev/dvd

Most likely, the tool you use for downloadingthe image does not have large file support, i.e. it has problemsdownloading files larger than 4 GBytes. The usual symptom forthis problem is that when you download the file, the file sizereported by your tool (and the amount of data that it downloads) istoo small by exactly 4 GB. For example, if the DVD image is4.4 GB, your tool will report a size of 0.4 GB.

Some old versions of wget also suffer from this problem -either upgrade to a version of wget which does not have thisrestriction or use the curl command line download tool:curl -C - android-for-mac-os-ch.html

Note that Debian ISO images for i386, amd64 and arm64 are alsobootable from a USB key; see below.

xorrisofor all optical media types (also doable as non-root user):
xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/sr0 -eject debian-x.y.z-arch-MEDIUM-NN.iso
In order to get the full nominal speed when writing to BD-RE(i.e. without the slowdown caused by the drive's internal defectmanagement), add the option stream_recording=on.

growisofsfor DVD and BD optical media types:
growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/sr0=debian-x.y.z-arch-MEDIUM-NN.iso

wodimfor CD optical media type:
wodim -v dev=/dev/sr0 -eject -sao debian-x.y.z-arch-CD-NN.iso

For Linux, there are also the X programsBrasero,K3B andX-CD-Roast,to name a few. Note that they're all frontends to the previouslymentioned low-level burning applications.

Brasero

Select the button Burn Image. Then click on Click here to select a disc image, browse and select your downloaded ISO file, check whether the settings under Properties are correct and choose Create Image.

K3b

Select the menu entry Tools - CD - Burn CD Image. In the dialog that opens, enter the path to the image in the Image to Burn field, check whether the other settings are correct, then click on Start.

X-CD-Roast

After the program has started, click onSetup and choose the HD settings tab. Copy the Debian CDimage to one of the directories that are displayed in the table. (Ifthe table is empty, enter the path of a directory you want to use fortemporary storage, and click on Add.) Click on OK toexit the setup. Next, select Create CD and then WriteTracks. Choose the Layout tracks tab, select the linedisplaying the image filename and click on Add, then click onAccept track layout. Finally, click on Write tracks.

This might be a little problem on older versions of Windows, asmany Windows image-burning programs use their own formats for CDimages. To burn the .iso images you will most likely have touse a special menu. Look for options like ISO9660 file,Raw ISO image or 2048 bytes/sector. (Note: otherbytes/sector values are fatal!) Some programs do not offer thesechoices; use another burning program instead (ask a friend orcolleague). Here is some information about how to write CD images withspecific products:

ImgBurn (Freeware)

There are screenshots of how to write an image to CD/DVD

CDBurnerXP Pro (Freeware)

The process of writing an .iso image is described in the program's manual.

ISO Recorder (Freeware)

This program can write .iso images on Windows 2003, XP and Vista.

Adaptec/Roxio Easy-CD Creator

From the File menu, choose Create CD from image.... Then select the .iso file type, and the correct image. This opens up the CD creation setup GUI, from there ensure that all the information for your CD-R is correct. In the Create options portion, choose Create CD; under Write method, choose Track at once and Close CD.

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Disable the Wizard, then select Burn Image from the File or Recorder menu. Select All Files in the file selection window if necessary. Select the .iso file, click OK in the this is a foreign file dialogue box, in case one is displayed. In the option box that opens, the defaults should be okay: Data Mode 1, Block Size 2048, Raw Data, Scrambled, and Swappednot selected, and Image Header and Image Trailer left at 0. Click OK. Under Write CD or Burn, use the default options, e.g. Write and Determine maximum speed, plus check the Finalize CD option.

Microsoft Resource Kit Tools

The command-line Resource Kit Tools are provided by Microsoft free of charge, they work with Windows 2003 and XP. Two programs to write images to CD and DVD are included, they are named Cdburn.exe and Dvdburn.exe. Usage of the programs is described in the accompanying help file - essentially, the command to be executed is something like cdburn drive: iso-file.iso /speed max

If you can provide updated information or details for otherprograms, please let us know.

The Toast program for Mac OS is reported to work fine with.iso files. You can be extra-safe by giving it thecreator code CDr3 (or possibly CDr4) and type codeiImg using e.g. FileTyper. Double-clicking on the file willthen open up Toast directly, without having to drag-and-drop or govia the File-Open menu.

Another option is Disk Utility (included with Mac OSX 10.3 and higher): After opening the Disk Utility application (inthe /Applications/Utilities folder), selectBurn... in the Image menu and choose the CDimage to burn. Ensure that the settings are correct, then click onBurn.

Another option is Disk Copy (included with Mac OSX 10.1 and higher): After opening the Disk Copy application (inthe /Applications/Utilities folder), selectBurn Image... in the Image menu and choose the CDimage to burn. Ensure that the settings are correct, then click onBurn.

Several of the Debian and Debian Live images, notably all i386,amd64 and arm64 images, are created using the isohybridtechnology, which means that they may be used in two differentways:

• They may be written to CD/DVD/BD and used as normal for CD/DVD/BD booting.
• They may be written to USB flash drives, bootable directly from the BIOS / EFI firmware of most PCs.

On a Linux machine, simply use the cp command, to copy animage to a USB flash drive:

cp <file> <device>

Alternatively you can also use dd:

dd if=<file> of=<device> bs=4M; sync

where:

• <file> is the name of the input image, e.g. netinst.iso
• <device> is the device matching the USB flash drive, e.g. /dev/sda, /dev/sdb. Be careful to make sure you have the right device name, as this command is capable of writing over your hard disk just as easily if you get the wrong one!
• bs=4M tells dd to read/write in 4 megabyte chunks for better performance; the default is 512 bytes, which will be much slower
• The sync is to make sure that all the writes are flushed out before the command returns.

Additionally to the method above for Linux systems, there is also the win32diskimager program available, which allows writing such bootable USB flash drives under Windows. Hint: win32diskimager will apparently only list input files named *.img by default, while the Debian images are named *.iso. Change the filter to *.* if you use this tool.

Please note, that Debian advises not using unetbootin for this task. It can cause difficult-to-diagnose problems with booting and installing, so is not recommended.

There is no obligatory way of labeling. However, we suggest youuse the following scheme to ensure interchangeability:

Debian GNU/{Linux|Hurd|kFreeBSD} <version>[<revision>]
Official {<architecture>} {CD|DVD|BD}-<number>

For example:

Debian GNU/Linux 6.0.3
Official amd64 DVD-2

Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 6.0.3
Official i386 Netinst CD

If you have enough space, you can also add the codename to thefirst line, as in: Debian GNU/Linux 6.0.3 Squeeze.

Note that you are allowed to use the Officialdesignation only on CDs the image of which has achecksum that matches the one from thejigdofiles of official releases.Any CD that has no matching checksum (e.g. your own creations) must beclearly labelled as Unofficial, for example:

In the case of official weekly snapshots, version numbers like6.0.3 should not be used to avoid confusion with releasedDebian versions. Instead, label the image with a codename likeetch or a distribution name like testing. Also addSnapshot and the date of the snapshot to help identify it:

Debian GNU/Linux etch
Official Snapshot alpha Binary-2
2005-06-17

There is no official layout for the cover, back and label of aDebian CD/DVD/BD, but a number of people have produced nice-lookingimages. Please see the separate artworkpage.

Some older images are available from the archivesection on cdimage.debian.org. For example, you might want to tryout older images if you need support for a certain (sub)architecturewhich has been dropped for a newer release.

Note that when you install using a really old CD/DVD (pre 4.0,Etch), the contents of /etc/apt/sources.list will referencethe current stable Debian release by default. This means thatany upgrade over the net will upgrade to the current stablerelease.

If you want to install Debian on a large number of machines andthen keep all these installations up-to-date (e.g. security updates),installing from optical media is not ideal, but then neither isinstalling via the Internet, because the packages will have to bedownloaded again for each machine. In this case, you should set up alocal cache, the three options being:

• Make disc contents available via HTTP: Download the images, then make their contents available to your LAN on a local mirror. The individual machines can use this mirror as if it were a regular Debian server. For example, if the contents of a CD are available under the URL http://10.0.0.1/cd1/, machines in the local network can use the packages from the CD with the following line in their /etc/apt/sources.list:
  deb http://10.0.0.1/cd1/ stable main contrib
  A different URL and a separate entry in sources.list is necessary for each CD.
• Instruct your HTTP proxy to cache .deb files: Configure the proxy to keep .deb files for a long time, then set http_proxy in your environment on each machine to point at the cache, and use apt's HTTP acquisition method.
  This gives you most of the benefits of running a mirror, with none of the admin hassle. Since you can set limits on the proxy's disk usage, it works even for sites with limited disk space, and it has the advantage over mirroring that you only download those packages you install, which saves bandwidth. Squid can be told to keep the files by adding a line to /etc/squid/squid.conf:
  refresh_pattern debian.org/.*.deb$ 129600 100% 129600
• Set up a private Debian packages mirror: Beware that the Debian archive has grown to a tremendous size! Refer to the mirroring page for details.

Installing on a large number of machines can be tricky.Fully automaticinstallation (FAI), which is also available as a Debianpackage, may help you with this task.

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Apart from a local Debian mirror, youalso need plenty of disc space. The image creation scripts arepackaged in the debian-cd package. However, it is usually abetter idea to use the latest code from git. (Still, you should have alook at the package's dependencies to ensure you have all thenecessary tools.)

To get the latest git version, make sure you have gitinstalled. From an empty directory, give the following command:

git clone https://salsa.debian.org/images-team/debian-cd.git

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Should you try to use the scripts, check thedebian-cd mailing listarchive for solutions to the questions that will inevitablyshow up. :-)

The necessary steps to set up your debian-cd image mirror and keepit up to date are described on a separatepage.

We don't store/serve the full set of ISO images for all architectures,to reduce the amount of space taken up on the mirrors. You canuse the jigdo tool to recreate the missing ISOimages instead.